Understanding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Risks, Symptoms and Management

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition that affects women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) of reproductive age. The condition is complex, with genetic and lifestyle factors playing crucial roles in its development. As many as 15% of women and AFAB individuals may experience this condition, with symptoms manifesting during puberty or even before.

A Deeper Look at PCOS

First described in 1935 by American gynecologists Irving F. Stein and Michael L. Leventhal, PCOS is the most prevalent endocrine disorder among women aged 15 to 44. The exact causes of PCOS remain unknown, but it is believed that both the mother's and father's genetics can contribute to its development. However, the manner in which it is inherited is not fully understood. Moreover, there is a potential link between specific genes, medical conditions, and lifestyle choices that could increase susceptibility to PCOS.

Risks Associated with PCOS

Individuals with PCOS face an increased risk of numerous health complications. These include diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, high cholesterol levels, sleep apnea, stroke, and endometrial cancer. Recent research has also indicated a potential link between PCOS and cognitive decline later in life. Furthermore, PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in females, posing challenges for those looking to start families.

Notably, a nationwide cohort study conducted in Taiwan demonstrated an 8.47-fold increase in suicide risk among individuals with PCOS compared to the control group. This elevated risk was apparent across various age brackets, emphasizing the severe mental health implications of this condition. In a subgroup of adolescents, there was a 5.38-fold increased risk of suicide attempts. These findings highlight the importance of mental health support for those living with PCOS.

Symptoms and Diagnosis of PCOS

PCOS symptoms can start to show during puberty, with some signs potentially appearing even before this stage. These may include hirsutism (excessive hair growth), treatment-resistant acne, menstrual irregularities, darkening of the skin on the neck, and obesity. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough exam, and a discussion of symptoms, and may require blood tests or an ultrasound for confirmation. Diagnosing PCOS in the teenage years can be challenging, underscoring the importance of monitoring symptoms early on.

Managing PCOS

Managing PCOS is key to not only physical health but mental well-being as well. Lifestyle habits significantly contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Adopting a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining an ideal weight, limiting alcohol and caffeine intake, and managing stress can all be beneficial. These lifestyle changes can also assist with fertility issues and restore insulin sensitivity.

Given the high risk of cholesterol and diabetes among individuals with PCOS, regular tests for these conditions are recommended. Seeking medical care to control the condition is crucial. Treating PCOS is a multifaceted approach that requires a combination of medical, lifestyle, and mental health strategies.

Overall, the impact of PCOS is far-reaching, affecting both physical and mental health. As such, there is a pressing need for increased awareness, support, and resources for those living with this condition. By understanding the risks and actively managing the symptoms, individuals with PCOS can lead healthier and more fulfilling lives.